pop (2002e) 2 400 000; area 10 887 km²/4200 sq mi. Province of S Serbia; capital, Pristina; 90% of population Albanian (Kosovars, mostly Muslim); agricultural region; central part of Serbian kingdom, 11th14th-c; Kosovo Polje the site of a famous battle between Serbs and Turks (1389); under Ottoman rule, 14th-c1912; annexed by Serbia, 1912; incorporated into Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 1918 (Yugoslavia from 1929); part of Greater Albania under Italian occupation, 19413; autonomous province of Serbia to 1989; declared independence in 1990, with president and parliament elected in 1992, but implementation disallowed by Serbian authorities; conflict between Serbia and ethnic Albanian armed resistance movement (Kosovo Liberation Army) since late 1997; NATO observers introduced, 1998; focus of international concern in early 1999, following escalation of conflict, with fresh reports of war crimes and violations of human rights; failure of peace talks at Rambouillet chateau near Paris (Feb); increase of Serbian incursions into Kosovo (Mar), with displacement of Kosovar Albanians; onset of NATO air-strikes campaign (Operation Allied Force) against targets in Yugoslavia (Mar); massive escalation in numbers of refugees forced to leave Kosovo, with over a million displaced by mid-April, burning of Albanian villages, and reports of widespread atrocities; further build-up of NATO forces in the region; President Milosevic accepted peace terms (Jun), followed by deployment of NATO troops into Kosovo (Operation Joint Guardian), and the departure of Serb forces; attempts to establish a multicultural policy marred by ongoing ethnic (Albanian/Serb) conflict.
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Kosovo |
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The location of Kosovo in Serbia and Europe. |
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| Official languages | Albanian, Serbian, English, Turkish (Prizren Disctrict only) |
| Capital | Prishtinë / Priština |
| President of Kosovo | Fatmir Sejdiu |
| Prime Minister of Kosovo | Agim Çeku |
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Area – Total – % water |
10,912 km² 4,213 sq. mi n/a |
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Population – Total (2003) – Density |
2.1 million (est.) 220/km² (approx) 570/sq. mi |
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Ethnic groups (2003) |
Albanians: 87% Serbs: 8% Turks: 1% Others: 4% |
| Time zone | UTC+1 |
| Currency | Euro (Official) and Serbian Dinar (Used in Serbian enclaves and some areas of northern Kosovo) |
Kosovo (Albanian: Kosovë or Kosova; The province is governed by the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the local Provisional Institutions of Self-Government, with security provided by the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR).
Kosovo borders Montenegro, Albania and the Republic of Macedonia. Kosovo has a population of around two million people, predominately ethnic Albanians, with smaller populations of Serbs, Turks, Bosniaks and other ethnic groups.
The province is the subject of a long-running political and territorial dispute between the Serbian (and previously, the Yugoslav) government and Kosovo's Albanian population. International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo.
See also Names of Kosovo.
Geography
For administrative divisions, see Municipalities of Kosovo
With an area of 10,912 square kilometres (4,213 sq. mi) and a population of over two million on the eve of the 1999 crisis, Kosovo borders Montenegro to the northwest, Central Serbia to the North and East, the Republic of Macedonia to the south and Albania to the southwest.
There are two main plains in Kosovo. The Metohija/Rrafshi i Dukagjinit basin is located in the western part of the province, and the Plain of Kosovo (Albanian: Rrafshi i Kosovës, Serbian: Kosovska Dolina) occupies the central area.
Much of Kosovo's terrain is rugged.
The mountain range dividing Kosovo from Albania is known in English as the Cursed Mountains or Albanian Alps (Albanian: Bjeshkët e Nemuna, Serbian: Prokletije). The central region of Drenica, Carraleva/Crnoljevo and the eastern part of Kosovo, known as Gallap/Golak, are mainly hilly areas.
There are several notable rivers and lakes in Kosovo.
History
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History of Kosovo |
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| Ancient Kosovo | |||
| Dardania | |||
| Medieval Kosovo | |||
| First Battle of Kosovo | |||
| Second Battle of Kosovo | |||
| Ottoman Kosovo | |||
| Vilayet of Kosovo | |||
| League of Prizren | |||
| Modern Kosovo | |||
| Kosovo War | |||
| Kosovo | |||
Ancient
The region was certainly inhabited in prehistoric times, it appears, by two different cultures: Bronze and Iron Age tombs have been found only in Metohia, and not in Kosovo.
Medieval
Great Migrations and Interregnums
Serbs came to the territories that form modern Kosovo in the 7th centuries migrations of White Serbs under the Unknown Archont, with the largest influx of migrants in the 630s; The northwestern part of Kosovo, Hvosno, became a part of the Byzantine Serb vassal state the Principality of Rascia, with Dostinik as the principality's capital.
In the late 800s, the whole of Kosovo was seized by the First Bulgarian Empire. Although Serbia restored control over Metohija throughout the 10th century, the rest of Kosovo was returned to the Byzantine Empire in a period of Bulgarian decline. However, Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria reconquered the whole of Kosovo in the late 10th century until the Byzantines restored their control over the area as they subjugated the Bulgarian Empire.
Throughout the following decades, numerous foreign peoples invading the Byzantine Empire stormed Kosovo, among them the Cumans.
In 1072, local Slavs, under George Voiteh, pushed a final attempt to restore Imperial Bulgarian power and invited the last heir of the House of Comitopuli - Duklja's prince Konstantin Bodin of the House of Vojislavljevic, son of the Serbian King Mihailo Voislav - to assume power. However, his death halted the total Serb conquest of Kosovo.
In 1166, a Serbian nobleman from Zeta, Stefan Nemanja, the founder of the House of Nemanja ascended to the Rascian Grand Princely throne and conquered most of Kosovo, in an uprising against the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus. He pledged to the Emperor that he would not renew hostilies, but in 1183, Stefan Nemanja embarked on a new offensive with the Hungarians after the death of Manuel I Comnenus in 1180, marking the end of Byzantine domination of Kosovo. Grand Prince Stephen II completed the inclusion of the Kosovo territories under Serb rule in 1208, by which time he had conquered Prizren and Lipljan, and moved the border of territory under his control to the Šar mountain.
Kingdom of the Serbs
In 1217, the Serbian Kingdom achieved recognition. In 1219, an autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church was created, with Hvosno, Prizren and Lipljan being the Orthodox Christian Episcopates on Kosovo.
In the 13th century, Kosovo became the heart of the Serbian political and religious life, with the Šar mountain becoming the political center of the Serbian rulers.
In 1327 and 1328, Serbian King Stefan of Dechani started forming the vast Dečani domain, although, Serbian King Dušan would finish it in 1335. Kosovo became a domain of the House of Mrnjavčević, but Prince Voislav Voinović expanded his demesne further into Kosovo. A part of Kosovo became the demesne of the House of Lazarević. The local House of Branković came to prominence as the local lords of Kosovo, under Vuk Branković, with the temporary fall of the Serbian Despotate in 1439. Kosovo then became vassalaged to the Ottoman Empire, until its direct incorporation after the final fall of Serbia in 1459.
The Ottomans brought Islamisation with them, particularly in towns, and later also created the Vilayet of Kosovo as one of the Ottoman territorial entities. This brought a great shift, as the Orthodox Serb population began to lose its majority when masses of Turks and Albanians moved to Kosovo. Special privileges were provided, which helped the survival of Serbs and other Christians in Kosovo.
Kosovo was taken by the Austrian forces during the Great War of 1683-1699 with help of 5,000 Albanians and their leader, a Catholic Archibishop Pjetër Bogdani. In 1690, the Serbian Patriarch of Peć Arsenije III Čarnojević, who previously escaped a certain death, led 37,000 families from Kosovo, to evade Ottoman wrath since Kosovo had just been retaken by the Ottomans. Due to the oppression from the Ottomans, other migrations of Orthodox people from the Kosovo area continued throughout the 18th century. By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced the Serbs as the dominating nation of Kosovo.
In 1766, the Ottomans abolished the Patriarchate of Peć and the position of Christians in Kosovo was greatly reduced. The possible retaking and reintegration of Kosovo and the rest of "Old Serbia" was discussed at the meeting, as the Principality of Serbia itself had already made plans for expansions towards Ottoman territory, much easier than elsewhere. It is also estimated that 200,000 to 400,000 Serbs were cleansed out of the Vilayet of Kosovo between 1876 and 1912, especially during the Greek-Ottman War in 1897.
In 1878, a Peace Accord was drawn that gave the cities of Prishtina and Kosovska Mitrovica under civil Serbian control, outside the Ottoman authorities, while the rest of Kosovo would be under Ottoman control. Over 300 Albanian leaders from Kosovo and western Macedonia gathered and discussed the urgent issues concerning protection of Albanian populated regions from division among neighbouring countries. As a result, more and more Serbs left Kosovo northwards. The subsequent Treaty of San Stefano in 1898 restored most Albanian lands to Ottoman control, but the Serbian forces had to retreat from Kosovo along with some Serbs that were expelled as well. As the vast majority of Kosovo spoke Albanian or Serbian, the Kosovar population was very unhappy. In 1910, an Albanian uprising spread from Prishtina and lasted until the Ottoman Sultan's visit to Kosovo in June of 1911. However, at that time Serbs have consisted about 40% of the whole Vilayt of Kosovo's overall population and were opposing the Albanian nationalism along with Turks and other Slavs in Kosovo, which disabled the Albanian movements to occupy Kosovo.
In 1912 during the Balkan Wars, most of Kosovo was taken by the Kingdom of Serbia, while the region of Metohija (Albanian: Dukagjini Valley) was taken by the Kingdom of Montenegro. The Serbian authorities planned a recolonization of Kosovo. Numerous colonist Serb families moved-in to Kosovo, equalizing the demographic balance between Albanians and Serbs. At the Conference of Ambassadors in London in 1912 presided over by Sir Edward Grey, the British Foreign Secretary, the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro were acknowledged sovereignty over Kosovo.
In the winter of 1915-1916 during World War I Kosovo saw a large exodus of Serbian army which became known as the Great Serbian Retreat. Allied ships were awaiting for Serbian people and soldiers at the banks of the Adriatic sea and the path leading them there went across Kosovo and Albania. In 1918 the Serbian Army pushed the Central Powers out of Kosovo. During their re-occupation of Kosovo, the Serbian Army committed atrocities against the population in revenge. Serbian Kosovo was unified with Montengrin as Montenegro subsequently joined the Kingdom of Serbia.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia and WWII
The 1918-1929 period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians witnessed a raise of the Serbian population in the region and a decline in the non-Serbian. In the Kingdom Kosovo was split onto four counties - three being a part of the entity of Serbia: Zvečan, Kosovo and southern Metohija; However, the new administration system since 26 April 1922 split Kosovo among three Areas of the Kingdom: Kosovo, Rascia and Zeta.
The greatest part of Kosovo became a part of Italian-controlled Fascist Albania, and smaller bits by the Nazi-Fascist Tsardom of Bulgaria and Nazi German-occupied Kingdom of Serbia. Since the Albanian Fascist political leadership had decided in the Conference of Bujan that Kosovo would remain a part of Albania they started an ethnic cleansing campaign of the non-Albanian population in the Kosovo. Tens of thousands of Serbs lost their lives and around 75,000 Serbs fled Kosovo during the war. After numerous uprisings of Serbian Chetniks and Yugoslav Partisans, the latter being lead by Fadil Hoxha, Kosovo was liberated after 1944 with the help of the Albanian partisans of the Comintern, and became a province of Serbia within the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.
Kosovo in the Second Yugoslavia
The Province of Kosovo was formed in 1945 as an autonomous region to protect its regional Albanian majority within the People's Republic of Serbia as a member of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the leadership of the former Partisan leader, Josip Broz Tito, but with no factual autonomy. After Yugoslavia's name change to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia's to the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1953, Kosovo gained inner autonomy in the 1960s. In the 1974 constitution, the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo's government received higher powers, including the highest governmental titles — President and Premier and a seat in the Federal Presidency which made it a de facto Socialist Republic within the Federation, but remaining as a Socialist Autonomous Province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia. In the 1970s, an Albanian nationalist movement pursued full recognition of the Province of Kosovo as another Republic within the Federation, while the most extreme elements aimed for full-scale independence. The ethnic balance of Kosovo witnessed unproportional increase as the number of Albanians tripled gradually rising from almost 65% to over 80%, but the number of Serbs barely increased and dropped in the full share of the total population from some 25% down to 10%.
Beginning in March 1981, Kosovar Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo become a republic within Yugoslavia. During the 1980s, ethnic tensions continued with frequent violent outbreaks against Serbs and Yugoslav state authorities resulting in increased emigration of Kosovo Serbs and other ethnic groups. The Yugoslav leadership tried to suppress protests of Kosovo Serbs seeking protection from ethnic discrimination and violence.
In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) was working on a document which later would be known as the SANU Memorandum, a warning to the Serbian President and Assembly of the existing crisis and where it would lead. In the essay, SANU criticised the state of Yugoslavia and made remarks that the only member state contributing at the time to the development of Kosovo and Macedonia (by then, the poorest territories of the Federation) was Serbia.
Kosovo War
In 1987, Milošević was sent to Kosovo by the Serbian President Ivan Stambolic to "pacify restive Serbs in Kosovo" who wanted to curb the autonomy enjoyed by the province. the crowd chanted.”
One of the events that contributed to Milošević's rise of power was the Gazimestan Speech, delivered in front of 1,000,000 Serb citizens at the central celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, held at Gazimestan on 28 June, 1989.
Soon afterwards, as approved by the Assembly in 1990, the autonomy of Kosovo was reduced. On July 2, 1990 an unconstitutional Kosovo parliament declared Kosovo an independent country, this was not recognized by the Government or any foreign states.
With the events in Bosnia and Croatia coming to an end, the Serb government started relocating Serbian refugees from Croatia and Bosnia all over Serbia, including in Kosovo.
After the Dayton Agreement in 1995, some Albanians organized into the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), employing guerilla-style tactics against the Serbian police forces. Under an agreement led by Richard Holbrooke, OSCE observers moved into Kosovo to monitor the ceasefire, while Yugoslav military forces partly pulled out of Kosovo. After more than a month of negotations Yugoslavia refused to sign the prepared agreement, primarily, it has been argued, because of a clause giving NATO forces access rights to not only Kosovo but to all of Yugoslavia (which the Yugoslav side saw as tantamount to military occupation). At first limited to military targets in Kosovo proper, the bombing campaign was soon extended to cover targets all over Yugoslavia, including bridges, power stations, factories, broadcasting stations, hospitals, post offices, and various government buildings.
During the conflict roughly a million ethnic Albanians fled Kosovo, several thousand were killed, the numbers and the ethnic distribution of the casualties are uncertain and highly disputed. An estimated 10,000-12,000 ethnic Albanians and 3,000 Serbs are believed to have been killed during the conflict, including military personnel and civilians, primarily as a result of the ground war in Kosovo between the KLA and the Yugoslav military, Serbian police and Serbian paramilitary forces. According to OSCE numbers and Kosovar Albanian sources on population size and distribution, an estimated 45.7% of the Albanian population and 59.5% of the Serb population had fled Kosovo during the bombings and ethnic cleansing (i.e. Many Serbs fear to return to their homes since they perceive not to be safe for them, even with UNMIK protection, notably the unrest in 2004, when 900 Serbian houses were burned and other property destroyed while the Serbian populace was closed into enclaves and had to concentrate to the north of Kosovo until today, causing a wave of 3,500 Serbian refugees. In total, more than 30 Orthodox Serb Churches and Monasteries were destroyed during the March unrest in Kosovo.
During the period in between the deployment of KFOR international forces in June 1999 and February 2000, 78 Serbian Orthodox Churches and Monasteries were destroyed and desecrated.
According to a report compiled by the Kosovo Cultural Heritage Project, Serbian forces also engaged in a "deliberate campaign of cultural destruction and rampage during the Kosovo War".
Kosovo Politics and Governance
| Kosovo |
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This article is part of the series: |
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Politics and int'l status Constitutional status of Kosovo UNMIK and KFOR Resolution 1244 Kosovo Police Service Kosovo Protection Corps PISG President Fatmir Sejdiu Government Prime Minister
Agim Çeku Assembly Chair Political parties Elections Districts |
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UN Security Council Resolution 1244 placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration pending a determination of Kosovo's future status. This Resolution entrusted UNMIK with sweeping powers to govern Kosovo, but also directed UNMIK to establish interim institutions of self-governance. Resolution 1244 permits Serbia no role in governing Kosovo and since 1999 Serbian laws and institutions have not been valid in Kosovo.
In May 2001, UNMIK promulgated the Constitutional Framework, which established Kosovo's Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PISG). Kosovo has also established municipal government and an internationally-supervised Kosovo Police Service.
According to the Constitutional Framework, Kosovo shall have a 120-member Kosovo Assembly. The Assembly includes twenty reserved seats: ten for Kosovo Serbs and ten for non-Serb minorities (e.g., Bosniak, Roma, etc.). The Kosovo Assembly is responsible for electing a President and Prime Minister of Kosovo.
The largest political party in Kosovo, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), has its origins in the 1990s non-violent resistance movement to Milosevic's rule. The two next largest parties have their roots in the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA): the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) led by former KLA leader Hashim Thaci and the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK) led by former KLA commander Ramush Haradinaj. Kosovo Serbs formed the Serb List for Kosovo and Metohija (SLKM) in 2004, but have boycotted Kosovo's institutions and never taken their seats in the Kosovo Assembly.
In November 2001, the OSCE supervised the first elections for the Kosovo Assembly. After that election, Kosovo's political parties formed an all-party unity coalition and elected Ibrahim Rugova as President and Bajram Rexhepi (PDK) as Prime Minister. But in a political shake-up after the death of President Rugova in January 2006, Kosumi himself was replaced by former Kosovo Protection Corps commander [Agim Ceku]. Ceku has won recognition for his outreach to minorities, but Serbia has been critical of his wartime past as military leader of the KLA and claims he is still not doing enough for Kosovo Serbs. The Kosovo Assembly elected Fatmir Sejdiu, a former LDK parliamentarian, president after Rugova's death. Slaviša Petkovic, Minister for Communities and Returns, is governments only Serbian minister and unlike other Serbians have chosen to not boycott the Kosovo institutions.
Kosovo Future Status Process
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This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses. |
A UN-led process was begun in late 2005 to determine Kosovo's future status. This process will determine whether Kosovo should be independent or remain a part of the state of Serbia.
Belgrade's position on Kosovo status is that Kosovo should be highly autonomous, but not independent. The Belgrade negotiating platform, often characterized by Belgrade leaders as "more than autonomy, less than independence," envisions granting sweeping rights of self-governance for Kosovo, but would deny Kosovo a role in international affairs, defense or representation in Serbia's central governing institutions. Pristina's position is that Kosovo should be independent, subject to robust institutional protections for Kosovo's minorities. Pristina asserts that Kosovo's independence would be the result of the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia and the actions of Milosevic in the 1990s.
In November 2005, the Contact Group countries released a set of "Guiding Principles" for the resolution of Kosovo's status. These principles notably included the requirement that there be no return to the situation prior to 1999 and that there be no change in Kosovo's borders (i.e., no partition of Kosovo) and no union of Kosovo with any neighboring state. At a January 2006 meeting of foreign ministers, the Contact Group further declared that a settlement "needs, inter alia, to be acceptable to the people of Kosovo" and that "all possible efforts should be made to achieve a negotiated settlement in the course of 2006."
The Kosovo future status process is led by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari, former president of Finland; Ahtisaari's office -- the UN Office of the Special Envoy for Kosovo (UNOSEK) is located in Vienna, Austria, and includes liaison staff from NATO, the EU and the United States.
The initial status negotiations focused on technicalities important for Kosovo's long-term stability, particularly the rights and protection of Kosovo's minorities, particularly the Kosovo Serbs. Ahtisaari brought the parties together for the first direct dialogue in February 2006 to discuss decentralization of local government, which is an important measure to protect Kosovo Serb communities. Subsequent meetings addressed economic issues, property rights, protection of Serbian Orthodox Church heritage and institutional guarantees for the rights of Kosovo's minorities. Serbian President Boris Tadić and Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica and Kosovo President Fatmir Sejdiu and Prime Minister Agim Çeku attended and presented their respective platforms for Kosovo's future status. The Contact Group has said in numerous public statements that regardless of status outcome a new international mission will be established in Kosovo to supervise the implementation status settlement and guarantee minority rights. NATO has also announced its intention to maintain KFOR in Kosovo after the status settlement.
Russian President Vladimir Putin stated in September 2006 that Russia may veto a UN Security Council proposal on Kosovo's final status that applies different standards than those applied to the separatist Georgian regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
On the 30th Sept, 2006, the Serbian Parliament unanimously adopted a new constitution which describes Kosovo as an integral part of Serbia; The UN Civilian Administrator in Kosovo, Joachim Rücker, has argued that this move will have no effect on the final political status of Kosovo.
Economy
Kosovo has one of the poorest economies in Europe, with a per capita income estimated at 1,565 Euro (2004). Despite substantial development subsidies from all Yugoslav republics, Kosovo was the poorest province of Yugoslavia.
Kosovo's economy remains weak.
UNMIK introduced de-facto an external trade regime and customs administration on September 3, 1999 when it set customs border controls in Kosovo. These taxes are collected from all Tax Collection Points installed at the borders of Kosovo, including those between Kosovo and Serbia.
Macedonia is Kosovo's largest import and export market (averaging €220 million and €9 million respectively), followed by Serbia-Montenegro (€111 million and €5 million), Germany and Turkey.
The Euro is the official currency of Kosovo and used by UNMIK and the government bodies.
The economy has been seriously weakened by Kosovo's still-unresolved international status, which has made it difficult to attract investment and loans.
Demographics
According to the Kosovo in Figures 2005 Survey of the Statistical Office of Kosovo, Kosovo's total population is estimated between 1.9 and 2.2 million in the following ethnic proportions:
88% Albanians (between 1,972,000 and 2,100,000) 7% Serbs (between 126,000 and 140,000) 1.9% Bosniaks (between 34,200 and 38,000) 1.7% Roma (between 30,600 and 34,000) (see also Roma in Mitrovica Camps) 1% Turks (between 18,000 and 20,000) 0,5% Gorani (approx. The ethnic Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army is thought to have threatened the Adygs. The majority of the Albanians in Kosovo are Muslims and most Serbs are Eastern Orthodox, even though Kosovo Albanians do not define their national identity through religion.Subdivisions
Main article: Subdivisions of Kosovo, also see: Municipalities of Kosovo.
Kosovo is divided into 7 districts:
Prishtina/Pristina District Prizreni/Prizren District Peja/Peć District Ferizaji/Uroševac District Gjakova/Đakovica District Mitrovica/Kosovska Mitrovica District Gjilani/Gnjilane DistrictNorth Kosovo maintains its own government, infrastructure and institutions by its dominant ethnic Serb population in the Mitrovica District, on the Leposavic, Zvecan and Zubin Potok municipalities and the northern part of Kosovska Mitrovica.
Cities
List of largest cities in Kosovo (with population figures in 2006):
Prishtina/Priština (562,686) Prizreni/Prizren (165,227) Ferizaji/Uroševac (97,741) Gjakova/Đakovica (97,156) Peja/Peć (95,190) Gjilani/Gnjilane (91,595) Mitrovica/Kosovska Mitrovica (86,359) Podujeva/Podujevo (48,526)Culture
Music
Music has always been part of the Albanian culture. Although in Kosovo music is diverse (as it got mixed with the cultures of different regimes dominating in Kosovo), authentic Albanian music (see World Music) does still exist.
Leonora Jakupi and Adelina Ismajli are two of the most popular commercial singers in Kosovo today.
There are some notable music festivals in Kosovo:
Rock për Rock - contains rock and metal music Polifest - contains all kinds of genres (usually hip hop, commercal pop, unusually rock and never metal) Showfest - contains all kinds of genres (usually hip hop, commercal pop, unusually rock and never metal) Videofest - contains all kinds of genres Kush Këndon Lutet Dy Herë - contains all kinds of genres which have christian lyricsKosovo Radiotelevisions like RTK, 21 and KTV have their musical charts.
List of Presidents
List of the presidents of Kosovo:
Fatmir Sejdiu, 10 February 2006 - present Ibrahim Rugova, 4 March 2002 - 21 January 2006List of Prime Ministers
Bujar Bukoshi Bajram Rexhepi, 2002-2004 Ramush Haradinaj, 2004-2005 Bajram Kosumi, 2005-2006 Agim Çeku, 2006-presentGallery
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The building of the Government of Kosovo in Prishtina/Priština |
Prizreni/Prizren |
Gjakova/Đakovica |
KFOR |
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Rahovec/Orahovac |
Center of Prishtina/Priština, monument to Skenderbeg |
A 14th-century fresco in Visoki Dečani monastery |
Gjerovica/Đeravica |
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Juniku Mountains/Junik Mountains |
Kosovo Albanian ethnic costume/dance |
Serb monastery near river Bistrica |
National Public Library in Prishtina/Priština |
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League of Prizren building in Prizren |
Bridge "Ura e Fshejte" on the White Drini river |
Sport fans of sport club Vëllaznimi, Gjakovë/Đakovica |
Stadium in Prishtina/Priština |
Pro-Albanian
Alliance for a New Kosovo A Policy Resource on Kosovo Independence. Kosovo`s Turn Kosovo`s Prime Minister Agim Ceku, published by Wall Street Journal, June 8, 2006 KosovoEvidence.com - movie about what happened in Kosovo during the war Economic Initiative for Kosovo - "...latest news, analysis and publications from the Kosovar economy" Albanian.com - general information Why Independence for Kosovo? A summary of the case for an independent Kosovo by two Prishtina intellectuals Alliance for New Kosovo A policy resource on Kosovo independence Kosova Crisis Center A collection of articles on Kosovo, in English. KosovaLive Kosovo Albanian independent news agency (this section in English). American Council for Kosova - Albanian American organization dedicated to a better understanding of the issue of Kosova by the American public The Alliance For A New Kosovo - An American Group of Diplomats Working For Kosovo's IndependencePro-Serbian
Justice for Serbia, article by Vojislav Kostunica, Prime Minister of Serbia, in the Washington Post, 12 July 2006 Serbian Government for Kosovo-Metohija Website that focusses on the human rights situation of Serbian and other non-Albanian populations in Kosovo. Crucified Kosovo Overview of destroyed Serbian Orthodox churches in Kosovo Coordination Center of SCG and the Republic of Serbia for Kosovo Eastern Orthodox Resource Centre Southern Serbia: The second Kosovo? B92 Serbian Independent news agency Hugo Roth, Kosovo Origins: a historian's comprehensive overview Save Kosovo U.S. nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting a better American understanding of the Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija and of the critical American stake in the province’s future. Districts of Kosovo (the first name for the district is Albanian, and the second one is Serbian)Gjakovë/Đakovica · Gjilan/Gnjilane · Mitrovicë/Mitrovica · Peja/Peć · Prizren · Prishtinë/Priština · Ferizaj/Uroševac
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