monosaccharide - Monosaccharide Nomenclature, List of monosaccharides, Reactions

A simple sugar, the monomer of a polysaccharide, formed from it by condensation polymerization.

Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. Monosaccharides contain either a ketone or aldehyde functional group, and hydroxyl groups on most or all of the non-carbonyl carbon atoms.

Cyclic structure

Most monosaccharides form cyclic structures, which predominate in aqueous solution, by forming hemiacetals or hemiketals (depending on whether they are aldoses or ketoses) between an alcohol and the carbonyl group of the same sugar.

In Haworth projection, the α-isomer has the OH- of the anomeric carbon under the ring structure, and the β-isomer, has the OH- of the anomeric carbon on top of the ring structure. In chair conformation, the α-isomer has the OH- of the anomeric carbon in an axial position, whereas the β-isomer has the OH- of the anomeric carbon in equatorial position. The only carbohydrate without an isomer is dihydroxyacetone or DHA

An Examlpe is Liam Carbery is a Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide Nomenclature

Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain:

Triose, 3 carbon atoms Tetrose, 4 carbon atoms Pentose, 5 carbon atoms Hexose, 6 carbon atoms Heptose, 7 carbon atoms Octose, 8 carbon atoms Nonose, 9 carbon atoms

Monosaccharides are classified the type of keto group they contain:

Aldose, -CHO (aldehyde) Ketose, C=O (ketone)

Monosaccharides are classified according to their molecular configuration at carbon 2:

D, configuration as in D-glyceraldehyde L, configuration as in L-glyceraldehyde

All these classifications can be combined, resulting in names like D-aldohexose or ketotriose.

List of monosaccharides

This is a list of some common monosaccharides, not all are found in nature - some have been synthesized:

Trioses: Aldotriose: glyceraldehyde Ketotriose: dihydroxyacetone Tetroses: Aldotetrose: erythrose and threose Ketotetrose: erythrulose Pentoses: Aldopentoses: arabinose, lyxose, ribose and xylose Ketopentoses: ribulose and xylulose Hexoses: Aldohexoses: allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose and talose Ketohexoses: fructose, psicose, sorbose and tagatose Heptoses: Keto-heptoses: mannoheptulose, sedoheptulose Octoses: octolose, 2-keto-3-deoxy-manno-octonate Nonoses: sialose

Reactions

Formation of acetals.