Architectural historian, born in Berlin, Germany. After 20 years at the Warburg Institute, London, he taught at Columbia University (195669). His major scholarly contributions include his explication of religious symbolism in renaissance architecture in Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism (1949), and his distinction between Mannerism and Baroque architecture.
He taught at the Warburg Institute, University of London from 1934 to 1956 and then at Columbia University from 1956 to 1969 where he was chairman of the Department of Art History and Archaeology.
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