Cambridge Encyclopedia :: Cambridge Encyclopedia Vol. 2

(Pier) Francesco Cavalli - Music and influence, Works list, References and further reading

Composer, who assumed the name of his patron, born in Crema, NE Italy. A pupil of Monteverdi, he was organist and maestro di capella of St Mark's in Venice. As an opera and church composer he prepared the way for Alessandro Scarlatti.

He began to write for the stage in 1639 (Le Nozze di Teti e di Peleo), and soon established so great a reputation that he was summoned to Paris in 1660 to produce an opera (Xerse).

Music and influence

Cavalli was the most influential composer in the rising genre of public opera in mid-17th century Venice. Unlike Monteverdi's early operas, scored for the extravagant court orchestra, Cavalli's operas make use of a small orchestra of strings and basso continuo to meet the limitations of public opera houses. His operas have all the characteristic exaggerations and absurdities of the 17th century, but they have also a remarkably strong sense of dramatic effect as well as a great musical facility, and a grotesque humour which was characteristic of Italian grand opera down to the death of Alessandro Scarlatti. Cavalli's operas provide the only example of a continuous musical development of a single composer in a single genre from the early to the late 17th century in Venice — only a few operas by others (e.g. The development is particularly interesting to scholars because opera was still quite a new medium when Cavalli began working, and had matured into a popular public spectacle by the end of his career.

Cavalli wrote thirty-three operas, twenty-seven of which are still extant, being preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana (Library of St Mark) at Venice.

In addition to operas, Cavalli wrote settings of the Magnificat in the grand Venetian polychoral style, settings of the Marian antiphons, other sacred music in a more conservative early 17th-century style, and some instrumental music.

Works list

Operas

Le nozze di Teti e di Peleo (1639) La Dafne (1640) La Didone (1641) L'Amore innamorato (1642, music lost) La virtù de' strali d'Amore (1642) L'Egisto (1643) L'Ormindo (1644) La Doriclea (1645) Il Titone (1645, music lost) Il Giasone (January 5, 1649, considered most popular of all Cavalli's operas) L'Euripo (1649, music lost) L'Orimonte (1650) L'Oristeo (1651) La Rosinda (1651) La Calisto (1652) L'Eritrea (1652) Il Delio (La Veremonda, l'amazzone di Aragona) (1652) L'Orione (1653) Il Ciro (1654) L'Hipermestra (L'Ipermestra) (1654) Il Xerse (1655) L'Erismena (1655) La Statira (Statira principessa di Persia) (January 18, 1655) L'Artemisia (1657) Impermnestra (June 12, 1658) L'Antioco (1659, music lost) Il rapimento d'Helena (Elena) (1659) L'Ercole (Ercole amante) (February 7, 1662) Scipione affricano (1664) Mutio Scevola (Muzio Scevola) (1665) Il Pompeo Magno (1666) L'Eliogabalo (1667) Coriolano (1669, music lost) Massenzio (1673, music lost)

References and further reading

Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era.

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