The official US intelligence analysis organization responsible for external security, established under the National Security Act (1947). Often involved in subversive activities, and suspected of internal subversive activities from time to time, it suffered a loss of credibility following the investigation into the Watergate affair in the mid-1970s.
For the TV series The Agency, see The Agency (TV series) .The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an intelligence agency of the United States Government. The third function of the CIA is as the hidden hand of the U.S. Government, by engaging in covert operations at the direction of the President. This last function has caused most controversy for the CIA, raising questions about the legality, morality, effectiveness, and intelligence of such operations. The CIA is part of the American Intelligence Community, led by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's MI6 and Israel's Mossad.
Organization
History
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the National Security Act of 1947 signed by President Harry S. Roosevelt creating a new espionage organization directly supervised by the President: "which will procure intelligence both by overt and covert methods and will at the same time provide intelligence guidance, determine national intelligence objectives, and correlate the intelligence material collected by all government agencies."
Despite strong opposition from the military establishment, the State Department, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), President Truman established the Central Intelligence Group in January 1946.
In the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency, many disposed Nazi operational agents were recruited as U.S. secret agents;
The now declassified National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948 (NSC 10/2) provided the operating instructions for the CIA:
In 1949, the Central Intelligence Agency Act (a.k.a. The act also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." By 1949, the West German intelligence agency Bundesnachrichtendienst, under Reinhard Gehlen, was under the CIA's control.
In 1950, the CIA organized the Pacific Corporation, the first of many CIA private enterprises. Director Hillenkoetter approved Project BLUEBIRD, the CIA's first structured, behavioral control program. In 1951, the Columbia Broadcasting System began co-operating with the CIA;
During the first years of its existence, other branches of government did not exercise much control over the Central Intelligence Agency; justified by the desire to match and defeat KGB actions throughout the globe, a task many believed could be accomplished only through an approach as equally ungentlemanly as the KGB's, consequently, few in government closely inquired about the CIA's activity. The rapid expansion of the CIA, and a developed sense of independence under the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Allen Dulles added to this trend. Revelations about past CIA activities, such as assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign leaders, illegal domestic spying on U.S. citizens, provided the opportunities to execute Congressional oversight of U.S. intelligence operations. Hastening the Central Intelligence Agency's fall from grace were ex-CIA agents burglarising the Watergate headquarters of the Democratic Party, and President Nixon's subsequent using the CIA to stop the FBI's investigation of the Watergate burglary. Haldeman, to tell the CIA that further investigation of Watergate would "open the whole can of worms" about the Bay Of Pigs of Cuba, and, therefore, that the CIA should tell the FBI to cease investigating the Watergate burglary, because of reasons of "national security". Schlesinger had commissioned reports on past CIA crimes; the reports, known as "The Family Jewels", were kept close to the Agency's chest until Seymour Hersh broke the news in an article, in the New York Times, that the CIA had assassinated foreign leaders, and had kept files on some seven thousand American citizens involved in the peace movement (Operation CHAOS). Congress investigated the CIA in the Senate via the Church committee, named after its chairman, Frank Church (D-Idaho), and in the House of Representatives via the Pike committee, named after its chairman Otis Pike (D-N.Y.);
Subsequently, the CIA was prohibited from assassinating foreign leaders. Further, the prohibition against domestic spying — always prohibited in the CIA's charter — was again enforced, with the FBI solely responsible for investigating U.S. citizens. Bush became the first former spy chief of the CIA to be elected President of the United States.
Previously, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) oversaw the Intelligence Community, serving as the president's principal intelligence advisor, additionally serving as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The DCI's title now is "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency" (DCIA), serving as head of the CIA.
Currently, the Central Intelligence Agency reports to U.S. Congressional committees, but also answers directly to the President. The National Security Advisor is a permanent member of the cabinet, responsible for briefing the President with pertinent information collected by all U.S. intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency, the Drug Enforcement Agency, etcetera;
Many of the post-Watergate restrictions upon the Central Intelligence Agency were lifted after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the U.S. military headquarters, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C. However, 52 years earlier, in 1949, Congress and President Harry Truman had approved arrangements that CIA and national intelligence funding could be hidden in the U.S federal budget.
The Heraldic Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency
The symbol of the CIA consists of a left-facing bald eagle head atop a shield emblazoned with a compass star (or compass rose). The compass star has sixteen points representing the CIA's world-wide search for intelligence outside the United States, then reported to the Langley, Virginia, headquarters for analysis, reporting, and re-distribution to policy makers.
Structure
The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) manages the operations, personnel and budget of the Central Intelligence Agency.
The Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DDCIA) assists the Director in his duties as head of the CIA and exercises the powers of the Director when the Director’s position is vacant or in the Director’s absence or disability.
The Associate Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (ADD), a position created July 5, 2006, was delegated all authorities and responsibilities vested previously in the post of Executive Director. The post of Executive Director, which was responsible for managing the CIA on a day-to-day basis, was simultaneously abolished.
The Associate Director for Military Support (AD/MS) is the DCIA's principal advisor and representative on military issues.
The Directorate of Intelligence, the analytical branch of the CIA, is responsible for the production and dissemination of all-source intelligence analysis on key foreign issues.
The National Clandestine Service, a semi-independent service which was formerly the Directorate of Operations, is responsible for the clandestine collection of foreign intelligence and covert action.
The Directorate of Support provides the mission critical elements of the Agency's support foundation: people, security, information, property, and financial operations. Most of this Directorate is sub-structured into smaller offices based on role and purpose, such as the CIA Office of Security.
The Center for the Study of Intelligence maintains the Agency's historical materials and promotes the study of intelligence as a legitimate and serious discipline.
The Office of the General Counsel advises the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on all legal matters relating to his role as CIA director and is the principal source of legal counsel for the CIA.
The Office of Inspector General promotes efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the administration of Agency activities. The OIG provides a semiannual report to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency which the Director is required by law to submit to the Intelligence Committees of Congress within 30 days.
The Office of Public Affairs advises the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on all media, public policy, and employee communications issues relating to his role as CIA director and is the CIA’s principal communications focal point for the media, the general public and Agency employees.
Relationship with other agencies
The CIA acts as the primary American provider of central intelligence estimates. At one point, the CIA even operated its own fleet of U-2 and SR-71 surveillance aircraft. Johnny Micheal "Mike" Spann, a CIA officer killed in November 2001 during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, was one such individual. The CIA also has strong links with other foreign intelligence agencies such as the UK's MI6, Canada's CSIS and Australia's ASIS.
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
The head of the CIA is given the title of the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA).
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act by President Harry S. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community; The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Security Act to provide for a Director of National Intelligence who would assume some of the roles formerly fulfilled by the DCI, with a separate Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Historical operations
See also: :Category:CIA operationsNorth America
In the 1950's and 60's, the CIA ran a mind-control research program code-named Project MKULTRA in the United States and Canada.
Eastern Europe
In its earliest years the CIA, and its predecessor, the OSS, attempted to rollback communism in eastern Europe by supporting local, anti-Communist political and para-military groups; In Poland, the CIA spent years sending money and equipment to an anti-Communist organisation invented and run by Polish intelligence. After WWII, the CIA set up the right-wing Gladio network, a secret government network of organizations, in Italy and other Western European countries.
The Developing World
In the 1950s, with Europe stabilizing along the Iron Curtain, the CIA then tried limiting the spread of Soviet influence elsewhere around the world, especially in the poor countries of the Third World.
With relatively little funding, the CIA overthrew these governments, replacing them with right-wing, pro-American military regimes. According to John Stockwell, formerly a high-level CIA operative, no fewer than six million people were killed in America's Secret Wars in many Third World countries.
Indonesia
In 1958, a CIA-backed coup d'état was launched against Indonesia's President Sukarno, despite other U.S. government elements backing Sukarno. The overthrow failed when CIA agent Allen Lawrence Pope, was captured after his aeroplane was shot down by the Indonesian Air Force and the anti-aircraft gun fire of an Indonesian Navy ship; he was found possessing his CIA agent identification card. In a 1968 report, the CIA estimated there had been 250,000 people killed, and called the carnage "one of the worst mass murders of the twentieth century."
The CIA secretly supplied Suharto's troops with a state-of-the-art field communications network, delivered from the Philippine Islands at night by the US Air Force, its frequencies were known only to the CIA and the National Security Agency. The failed para-military invasion embarrassed the CIA and the United States world-wide, as Cuban leader Fidel Castro used the routed invasion to consolidate his power and strengthen Cuba's ties with the Soviet Union. Later, the CIA several times tried and failed to assassinate Fidel Castro.
Vietnam
CIA operations became less visible after the Bay of Pigs, and shifted to being closely linked to aiding the U.S. military operation in Vietnam. Between 1962 and 1975, the CIA organized a Laotian group known as the Secret Army and ran a fleet of aircraft known as Air America to take part in the Secret War in Laos, part of the Vietnam War.
The CIA's Phoenix Program during the Vietnam War was described by a former official as a "a sterile depersonalized murder program.
Chile
After the election of Socialist President Salvador Allende in 1970, the CIA covertly worked to prevent president-elect Allende from assuming office by bribing Chilean government officials; Afterwards, fascist anti-Allende politicians, military men and the CIA planned a coup d' état that eventually was aborted. no allegation has been proved that it was sponsored by the CIA on the orders of U.S. President R. In 2000 the CIA also denied that it assisted the coup.
The Church Report also revealed the CIA's prominent political, economic, and para-military role in Chile after the 1973 coup d' état: The goal of covert action, immediately following the coup, was to assist the Junta in gaining a more positive image, both at home and abroad, and to maintain access to the command levels of the Chilean government. Project files record that CIA collaborators were involved in preparing an initial overall economic plan which has served as the basis for the Junta's most important economic decisions.
Guatemala
Afghanistan
Often cited as one of the American intelligence community's biggest mistakes was the Carter administration initiated training, arming, supplying and supporting of the Mujahedeen (Islamist fighters) in Afghanistan as American proxy soldiers against the Marxist regime and later the Soviet intervention/invasion. Part of the Mujahedeen trained by the CIA later became the core cadre of Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda Islamist organisation.
Iran
Iraq
According to certain authors the CIA supported the 1963 military coup d' État in Iraq against the Qassim government and supported the subsequently installed government of Saddam Hussein, until the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. There are U.S. court records indicating the CIA militarily and monetarily assisted Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War. The CIA also was involved in the failed 1996 coup against Saddam Hussein.
The CIA also supported the Ba'ath Party's 1968 coup d' état against the Government of Rahman Arif, with Sadam Husein eventually assuming power.
According to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb-and-sabotage campaign against civilian and government targets in Baghdad between 1992 and 1995.
In 2002 an anonymous source, quoted in the Washington Post, says the CIA was authorized to execute a covert operation, if necessary with help of the Special Forces, that could serve as a preparation for a full military attack against Iraq.
U.S. intelligence on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction have been focus of intense scrutiny in the U.S. In 2004, the continuing armed resistance against the U.S. military occupation of Iraq, and the widely-perceived need for a systematic review of the respective roles of the CIA, the FBI, and the Defense Intelligence Agency are prominent themes. On July 9, 2004, the Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq of the Senate Intelligence Committee reported that the CIA exaggerated the danger presented by weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, largely unsupported by the available intelligence.
Support for foreign dictators
The CIA's activities are controversial, both in the United States and abroad, in countries with which the U.S. has a nominal friendship, where the agency has operated (or allegedly operated). Particularly during the Cold War, the CIA supported many dictators, including General Augusto Pinochet of Chile;
Later, the CIA facilitated the Reagan Doctrine, the illegal channelling of weapons and matériel to Jonas Savimbi's right-wing UNITA rebel movement in Angola (in addition to the Afghan Mujahedeen and the Nicaraguan Contras), in response to Cuban military support for the MPLA, converting, thus, an otherwise low-profile African civil war into one of the larger battlegrounds of the U.S.–U.S.S.R.
Moreover, the CIA nominally supported Pol Pot's nativist, communist rule in Cambodia when Vietnam attempted toppling the regime in 1979. being aided by China during the Sino-Soviet split (at the time, there existed a Sino–American rapprochement), thus gaining the CIA's approval.
Controversies
War on terror
On November 5, 2002, newspapers reported that Al-Qaeda operatives in a car travelling through Yemen had been killed by a missile launched from a CIA-controlled Predator drone (a medium-altitude, remote-controlled aircraft).
In June 2005, two events occurred that may shape future CIA operations.
Arrest warrants for 22 CIA agents were issued within the European Union (Schengen Agreement members). The New York Times reported soon after that it is highly unlikely that the CIA agents involved would be extradited, despite the US-Italy bilateral treaty regarding extraditions for crimes that carry a penalty of more than a year in prison.
Soon after, President Bush appointed the CIA to be in charge of all human intelligence and manned spying operations. This was the apparent culmination of a years old turf war regarding influence, philosophy and budget between the Defense Intelligence Agency of The Pentagon and the Central Intelligence Agency. The Pentagon, through the DIA, wanted to take control of the CIA's paramilitary operations and many of its human assets. The CIA, which has for years held that human intelligence is the core of the agency, successfully argued that the CIA's decades long experience with human resources and civilian oversight made it the ideal choice. Thus, the CIA was given charge of all US human intelligence, but as a compromise, the Pentagon was authorized to include increased paramilitary capabilities in future budget requests.
Despite reforms which have led back to what the CIA considers its traditional principal capacities, the CIA Director position has lost influence in the White House. For years, the Director of the CIA met regularly with the President to issue daily reports on ongoing operations. After the creation of the post of the National Intelligence Director, currently occupied by John Negroponte, that practice has been discontinued in favor of the National Intelligence Director, with oversight of all intelligence, including DIA operations outside of CIA jurisdiction, giving the report. Former CIA Director Porter Goss, himself a former CIA officer, denies this has had a diminishing effect on morale, in favor of promoting his singular mission to reform the CIA into the lean and agile counter-terrorism focused force he believes it should be.
On December 6, 2005, German Khalid El-Masri filed a lawsuit against former CIA Director George Tenet, claiming that he was transported from Macedonia to a prison in Afghanistan and held captive there by the CIA for 5 months on a case of mistaken identity.
The 2003 War against Iraq
In December 2005, ABC News reported that former agents claimed the CIA used waterboarding, along with five other "Enhanced Interrogation Techniques", against suspected members of al Qaeda held in the secret prisons.
After a media and public outcry in Europe concerning headlines about "secret CIA prisons" in Poland and other US allies, the EU through its Committee on Legal Affairs investigated whether any of its members, especially Poland, the Czech Republic or Romania had any of these "secret CIA prisons." To quote the report, "At this stage of the investigations, there is no formal, irrefutable evidence of the existence of secret CIA detention centres in Romania, Poland or any other country.
On 13 December 2005 Dick Marty, investigating illegal CIA activity in Europe on behalf of the Council of Europe, reported evidence that "individuals had been abducted and transferred to other countries without respect for any legal standards". Marty's investigation has found that no evidence exists establishing the existence of secret CIA prisons in Europe, but added that it was "highly unlikely" that European governments were unaware of the American program of renditions.
Secret CIA prisons
A story by reporter Dana Priest published in The Washington Post of November 2, 2005, reported: "The CIA has been hiding and interrogating some of its most important alleged al Qaeda captives at a Soviet-era compound in Eastern Europe, according to U.S. and foreign officials familiar with the arrangement." It is believed to involve both the CIA and the US military.
Illegal activities
In 1996, the U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence issued a congressional report estimating that the clandestine service part of the intelligence community "easily" breaks "extremely serious laws" in countries around the world, 100,000 times every year.
The Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Staff Study, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress:
Criticism for ineffectiveness
The agency has also been criticized for ineffectiveness as an intelligence gathering agency. In addition, the CIA has come under particular criticism for failing to predict the collapse of the Soviet Union and India's nuclear tests or to forestall the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Proponents of the CIA respond by stating that only the failures become known to the public, whereas the successes usually cannot be known until decades have passed because release of successful operations would reveal operational methods to foreign intelligence, which could affect future and ongoing missions. Some successes for the CIA include the U-2 and SR-71 programs, anti-Soviet operations in Afghanistan in the mid-1980s (though with the serious downsides noted earlier).
Drug trafficking
CIA and Contras
Allegations have repeatedly been made that the CIA has been involved in drug trafficking to fund illegal operations. For example, In 1996, journalist Gary Webb wrote a series of exposés for the San Jose Mercury News, entitled "Dark Alliance", in which he alleged the use of CIA aircraft, which had ferried arms to the Contras, to ship cocaine to the United States during the return flights.
Webb also alleged that Central American narcotics traffickers could import cocaine to U.S. cities in the 1980s without the interference of normal law enforcement agencies. He claimed that this led, in part, to the crack cocaine epidemic, especially in poor neighborhoods of Los Angeles, and that the CIA intervened to prevent the prosecution of drug dealers who were helping to fund the Contras.
After the Gary Webb report in the Mercury News, the CIA Inspector General Frederick Hitz was assigned to investigate these allegations. In 1998 the new CIA director, George Tenet declared that he was releasing the report.
The report and Hitz's testimony showed that the "CIA did not 'expeditiously' cut off relations with alleged drug traffickers" and "the CIA was aware of allegations that 'dozens of people and a number of companies connected in some fashion to the contra program' were involved in drug trafficking"
Hitz also said that under an agreement in 1982 between Ronald Reagan's Attorney General William French Smith and the CIA, agency officers were not required to report allegations of drug trafficking involving non-employees, which was defined as meaning paid and non-paid "assets [meaning agents], pilots who ferried supplies to the contras, as well as contra officials and others.
This agreement, which had not previously been revealed, came at a time when there were allegations that the CIA was using drug dealers in its controversial covert operation to bring down the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua. Only after Congressional funds were restored in 1986 was the agreement modified to require the CIA to stop paying agents whom it believed were involved in the drug trade.
Kerry Committee report
In 1998 Representative Maxine Waters testified to Congress:
Senator Kerry and his Senate investigation found drug traffickers had used the Contra war and tie to the Contra leadership to help this deadly trade. The CIA of course, created, trained, supported, and directed the Contras and were involved in every level of their war.Drugs in Asia
It has also been alleged that the CIA was involved in the opium/heroin trade in Asia, which was the focus of Alfred W. McCoy's book, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, an earlier edition of which had already been subjected to an attempted CIA suppression. The CIA's operation, Air America, has also been accused of transporting drugs.
Mafia connections for Castro and other assassination plots
The United States government has conspired with organized crime figures to assassinate foreign heads of state. In August 1960, Colonel Sheffield Edwards, director of the CIA's Office of Security, proposed the assassination of Cuban head of state Fidel Castro by mafia assassins. Between August 1960, and April 1961, the CIA with the help of the Mafia pursued a series of plots to poison or shoot Castro.
In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations(HSCA) believed there was a link between Lee Oswald and certain persons who purportedly worked in the CIA's anti-Castro projects in New Orleans, Louisiana, and also were linked to the Mafia.
Other assassination plots
The CIA has been linked to several assassination attempts on foreign leaders, including former leader of Panama Omar Torrijos and the President of Cuba, Fidel Castro.
On January 13, 2006, the CIA launched an airstrike on Damadola, a Pakistani village near the Afghan border, where they believed Ayman al-Zawahiri was located.
Torture
Declassified CIA manuals
1984
In 1984, a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan contras in psychological operations was discovered, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War".
1997
Main Article: Torture manuals
On January 24, 1997, two new manuals were declassified in response to a FOIA request filed by the Baltimore Sun in 1994.
UFOs and Robertson Panel
In 1951 the US Air Force revitalized Project Grudge, a program investigating UFOs between 1948-1949. Before the final Battelle report was ready however, the CIA became interested in the UFO issue as a national security (not scientific issue) and arranged to have a secret official committee, the Robertson Panel, look into the compiled UFO data. The CIA concluded that UFOs presented little or no interesting scientific data and were only a threat to the United States if sighting reports clogged communications facilities (as had happened in the Washington DC sighting in July 1952) and created a climate of fear among the population which the enemy could exploit before launching an attack. By 1969 Keyhoe turned his focus away from the military and focused on the CIA as the source of the UFO cover up. Bryan was actually a former covert CIA agent who had served the agency as founder and head of its psychological warfare division.
After the Freedom of Information Act was made law in 1974, Ufologists involved in making FOIA requests reported that more than nine hundred pages of information released for the CIA indicated that the organization was collecting and analyzing sighting reports from as early as 1949. In 1997 the CIA came forward to admit its historical interest in UFOs..
Other controversies
Defectors such as former agent Philip Agee, who later worked with the Soviet KGB and the Cuban intelligence service, have argued that such CIA covert action is extraordinarily widespread, extending to propaganda campaigns within countries allied to the United States.
In a briefing held September 15, 2001, George Tenet presented the Worldwide Attack Matrix: A "top-secret" document describing covert CIA anti-terror operations in eighty countries in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The plans, if carried out, "would give the CIA the broadest and most lethal authority in its history."
Miscellaneous
Other Government Agency, or OGA, is the standard military and governmental euphemism for the CIA. It is used when the CIA's presence is an open secret, but cannot be officially confirmed. Other colloquial names for the CIA are The Agency and The Company.
A pejorative term for people who work for the CIA or other intelligence agencies is often "spook." Another occasionally used phrase to refer to CIA agents, "Virginia farmboys" is incorrectly believed to be in reference to the Langley, VA headquarters. In fact, the term comes from the CIA's training facility, Camp Peary, also known as "The Farm."
One of the CIA's most well-known publications, The World Factbook, is in the public domain and is indeed made freely available without copyright restrictions because it is a work of the United States federal government.
The CIA publishes an in-house professional journal known as Studies in Intelligence. A further annotated collection of articles was published through Yale University Press under the title Inside CIA's Private World.
The U.S. intelligence budget, which includes the budget for the CIA, is a well kept government secret, but it was made public for a couple of years in the late 1990s.
On January 25, 1993, Mir Amir Kansi murdered 2 people and injured 3 others in their cars in front of CIA headquarters in Langley. See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism. The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA's Final Showdown With the KGB. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. America's Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society. The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. CIA involement with the drug trade since World War 2 to present day. Blowing My Cover: My Life as a CIA Spy. Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. (AKA, Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War 1999 Granta [UK edition]) Smith, Jr., W. Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. Inside CIA's Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency's Internal Journal, 1955-1992.
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