The technical means by which links are established between individuals, organizations, countries, etc for the purpose of the transfer of messages. These involve an initiator, who formulates a message and sends it as a signal (by means of a particular channel) to a receiver, who decodes and interprets the meaning.
Communication development is the development of processes enabling one to understand what others say (or sign or write) and speak (or sign or write, translate sounds and symbols into meaning, and learn the syntax of the language. Specialised fields focus on various aspects of communication, and include the following:Non-verbal communication, the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, opinions, or information without the using words; Symbolic communication, the exchange of messages that change a priori expectation of events Animal communication, the discipline of animal behavior that focuses on the reception and use of signals Mass communication Development communication Communication studies Interpersonal Communication Organizational communication Sociolinguistics Conversation analysis Cognitive linguistics Linguistics Pragmatics Semiotics Discourse analysis
Communication as a named and unified discipline has a history of contestation that goes back to the Socratic dialogues, in many ways making it the first and most contestatory of all early sciences and philosophies. Seeking to define "communication" as a static word or unified discipline may not be as important as understanding communication as a family of resemblances with a plurality of definitions as Ludwig Wittgenstein had put forth.
Nonetheless, communication is usually described along three major dimensions:
Content Form DestinationWith the presence of "communication noise" these three components of communication often become skewed and inaccurate. Between parties, communication content include acts that declare knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, including gestures (nonverbal communication, sign language and body language), writing, and speech. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person (in interpersonal communication), or another entity (such as a corporation or group).
A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The dialogue is a form of communication where both the parties are involved in sending information. There are many other forms of communication but the reason the dialogue is good is because the dialogue lends itself to clearer communication due to feedback. (Feedback being encoded information, either verbal or nonverbal, sent back to the original sender (now the receiver) and then decoded.)
There are many theories of communication, and a commonly held assumption is that communication must be directed towards another person or entity.
There are many different areas of communication.A few are: nonverbal communication, verbal communication, and symbolic communication. Verbal communication is when we communicate our message verbally to whoever is receiving the message. Small-group communication takes place in settings of between three and 12 individuals, and differs from large group interaction in companies or communities. This form of communication formed by a dyad and larger is sometimes referred to as the psychological model of communication where in a message is sent by a sender through channel to a receiver. At the largest level, mass communication describes messages sent to huge numbers of individuals through mass media, although there is debate if this is an interpersonal conversation.
Communication is also the name for the academic discipline which studies communication.
Communication media
The following model of communication has been criticized and revised.
The beginning of human communication through artificial channels, i.e.
Our indebtedness to the Ancient Romans in the field of communication does not end with the Latin root "communicare".
In the last century, a revolution in telecommunications has greatly altered communication by providing new media for long distance communication. The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast occurred on July 25, 1920 and led to common communication via analogue and digital media:
Analog telecommunications include traditional telephony, radio, and TV broadcasts. Digital telecommunications allow for computer-mediated communication, telegraphy, and computer networks.Modern communication media now allow for intense long-distance exchanges between larger numbers of people (many-to-many communication via e-mail, Internet forums). On the other hand, many traditional broadcast media and mass media favor one-to-many communication (television, cinema, radio, newspaper, magazines).
The adoption of a dominant communication medium is important enough that historians have folded civilization into "ages" according to the medium most widely used.
While it could be argued that these "Epochs" are just a historian's construction, digital and computer communication shows concrete evidence of changing the way humans organize. The latest trend in communication, termed smartmobbing, involves ad-hoc organization through mobile devices, allowing for effective many-to-many communication and social networking.
Language
A language is a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, such as intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings. In that sense, an animal communication can be considered as a separated language.
Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them.
There is no defined line between a language and a dialect, but Max Weinreich is credited as saying that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
Humans and computer programs have also constructed other languages, including constructed languages such as Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, Klingon, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms.
Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication.
Metacommunication
The process of communicating about communication, for example, to discuss a past conversation and to determine the meanings behind certain words, phrases, etc.
Animal communication
Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal. of animal communication, called zoosemiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition.This is quite evident as humans are able to communicate with animals especially dolphins and other animals used in circuses however these animals have to learn a special means of communication.
Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized.
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