The capital of a company, belonging to the shareholders (who are legally the owners). It consists of issued share capital (the money received from the sale of shares); profits retained (traditionally known as reserves); share premiums (excess receipts from the sale of shares over their nominal value); and revaluation reserves (sums resulting from the increase in the value of assets since their purchase). In the event of winding up the company, this sum is divided among the shareholders. The shares themselves are called equities.
Equity is the concept of idea of fairness or justice in economics, particularly in terms of taxation and welfare economics.
Horizontal equity is the idea that people with a similar ability to pay taxes should pay the same or similar amounts.
Vertical equity is the idea that people with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay more.
In a health care context
Horizontal equity means treating the same those who are the same in a relevant respect (such as having the same 'need'). Vertical equity means treating differently those who are different in relevant respects (such as having different 'need'), (Culyer, 1995).
Health studies of equity seek to identify whether particular social groups receive systematically different levels of care to other groups.
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