Hunkpapa Sioux war chief, born near the Morrow R in present-day South Dakota, USA. As a young warrior he was adopted by Sitting Bull as a major Sioux war chief. He fought with Red Cloud in the 1860s and was a leader in the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876). He retreated with Sitting Bull to Canada, but returned in 1880 and settled on the Standing Rock reservation. He came to accept white rule, even advocating land cessions, and in 1889 became a judge on the Court of Indian Offenses. He broke with Sitting Bull and refused to support the Sioux uprising that culminated at Wounded Knee.
Galls or plant galls are proliferations and modifications of plant cells and can be caused by various parasites, from fungi and bacteria, to insects and mites. Galls are often very organised structures and because of this, the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified.
Creatures that induce galls
Insects
Insect galls develop under the influence of gall-inducing insects. In order to form galls, the insects must seize the time when plant cell division occurs at a high speed, the growing season, usually spring in temperate climates, but which can be extended in tropical latitudes. Although insect galls can be found on a variety of parts of the plant, such as the leaves, stalks, branches, buds, roots or even flowers and fruits, gall-inducing insects are usually species-specific and sometimes tissue-specific on the plants they gall.
Gall-inducing insects include gall wasps, gall midges, aphids, and psyllids.
|
Andricus foecundatrix |
Andricus quercuscalicis |
Andricus quercuscalicis |
|
|
Eucalyptus leaf gall |
User Comments Add a comment…